Introdução à física dos cristais líquidos.

Abstract

This dissertation aims to gather all possible knowledge about the physics of Liquid Crys tals in a theoretical way. Doing a general review, of the various interesting and diversified information about the Liquid Crystals. Here I describe the physical behavior of its constituents, describing properties which are obtained in contexts of the Physics of Condensed Matter. We will present the mathematics in the literature on the liquid crystalline medium where a general analysis of its physical parameters is made. We will also describe the Elas tic Continuous Theory developed in the last century by EC. Frank and presented recordings on the topological defects that arise due to the symmetry breaking in the phase transitions and the ordering changes of the characteristic director of the liquid crystals. This work will be a very important introduction to assist in future projects focused on the physics of liquid crystals and soft condensed matter. We will take into account the order and phase transition processes through liquid crystals, especially the types that show symmetry breaking which allow the emergence of new configurations of topological defects, many of which are analogous to cosmological systems that allow us to make observational simulations, ranging from the formation of these defects to the disappearance of them in liquid crystals. All this, allows theoretical and experimental applications in various areas of knowledge of physics, among others. Due to the research developed for the study of the properties present in Liquid Crys tals, many technological applications and improvement of the same will generally appear as the Displays and the LCD screens for electro-electronic devices.