Desindustrialização e opositividades no desenvolvimento capitalista brasileiro.

Abstract

The objective of this study is to understand the changes in state intervention in the period 1970-90, marked by the peak and crisis of industrial, agricultural modernization and the emergence of Integrated Regional Development Programs (PDRIs). Based on bibliographical research, we analyzed the Brazil-World Bank relationship, the internationalization of capital, Brazilian and Northeastern industrialization, external and internal indebtedness, debt nationalization, the rise of multilateral loans, and a retrospective of the PDRIs. The central hypothesis is that the PDRIs arise at the moment of the policy crisis driven by the National Integration Program (PIN) and PROTERRA (Land Redistribution Program), which made possible the global program of rural modernization, complementing the industrial modernization via credit and subsidies. With regard to the internationalization of capital, it addresses its original unproductive character and state intermediation that transformed it into productive, boosting development. This intermediation is the cause of growth of the debt and the fiscal crisis. External indebtedness and nationalization of the debt is the illustration of this movement of overcoming. Industrialization and agricultural modernization result from the existence of this productive capital. In the 1980s, we experienced the crisis of external debt, the reduction of External financing added to internal problems: debt growth internal debt, payment of debt interest, recession and reduction of tax revenue, deficit in the balance of payments. The output was the growth in funding (World Bank). The PDRIs were the pretext for this uptake. Only in this period did the country lend US $ 10 billion or 72% of all loans from the IBRD (from 1947-89). In the exhaustion of the financing we had the exhaustion in the development. The PDRIs were the last step of the modernization policy, reduce social and regional inequalities. Meanwhile, these have determined the aggravation of the contradictions inherent in the model of development, in addition to being a higher stage in the nationalization of of external debt.