Efeito óptico de sombras em buracos negros

Abstract

In this study we examine the appearance of a Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by an accretion disk. In this context, a shadow is a dark area that is bounded by the image of rays emitted from the disk, which were not captured by the black hole. To understand this optical effect, we explored some fundamental concepts of general relativity and obtained the metrics of these massive, spherical objects. We then derive the formula for the deflection angle of a particle subjected to a gravitational force and show the trajectories for various impact parameters, especially for uncharged (Schwarzschild) black holes. We begin by examining the formula for the deflection angle of a particle subjected to a force gravitational, which allows us to understand the curvature of space-time around the black hole. Trajectories for different impact parameters are analyzed, focusing on uncharged (Schwarzschild) black holes. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of gravitational lensing by making a comparison between spacetime perturbation and Fermat’s principle. This concept helps us understand how black hole gravity can bend light from distant stars, resulting in distorted and amplified images. In the end, we used the light ray tracing technique, which allowed us to display the elements that contribute to the observational appearance of a black hole, through interpretive graphics that explore the emission of light intensity in three simplified black hole models accompanied by a thin accretion disk.