Prevalência e fatores associados ao parto prematuro no alto sertão paraibano.

Abstract

Several factors are associated with prematurity and this event is still a major problem in obstetrics and neonatology, constituting one of the causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. From this perspective, understanding the occurrence of births and identifying the factors related to prematurity is essential and allows the health system to promote the development of actions aimed at trying to reduce the occurrence of premature births. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and main factors associated with premature birth in a maternity hospital in the highlands of Paraíba. An epidemiological, documentary, retrospective, descriptive and quantitative study was carried out. The study site was the Dr. Peregrino Filho Maternity Hospital, located in the municipality of Patos-PB. The study's sample population consisted of medical records that registered the occurrence of premature births between January 2022 and June 2022. All medical records with records of premature births were included, and medical records with incomplete records and inconclusive information were excluded. A thorough analysis of the selected material was carried out, in which the data collected was organized in a spreadsheet using Microsoft Excel 2007 software, structured with 09 variables, the aim of which was to establish, by means of simple statistics, absolute values and percentages, which were presented in tables and graphs and compared with the relevant literature. Among the socio-economic variables, schooling stands out, with 71.04% of parturients included in the low schooling group, a factor strongly linked to low adherence to proper prenatal care. Also from this perspective, only 73 pregnant women reported having undergone pregnancy monitoring, 42 of whom were in the high-risk group and 43 medical records reported having had previous deliveries, with caesarean sections being the most common. Considering the clinical obstetric data, at least 43 parturients had 2 or more associated complications, particularly urinary tract infection, followed by preterm labor, severe pre-eclampsia and severe oligohydramnios. Among the variables related to fetal vitality, the immaturity of the respiratory system stands out, with 68 NB having respiratory distress, 37 of which required orotracheal intubation. In addition, low birth weight is an important repercussion of premature birth, with 41 NB classified as low birth weight, 17 as very low birth weight and 3 as extremely low birth weight. It is understood that prematurity has a multifactorial cause, with serious repercussions for the mother-baby binomial, and that adequate monitoring is therefore necessary to ensure that pregnancy and birth occur with maximum safety for the mother and the NB.