Aspectos econômicos e sociais da migração rural - o caso de Ingá-PB.

Abstract

From the previous analysis on the causal relationships between land structure, production and employment systems, on the one hand, and population movements and stagnant migration on the rural periphery, on the other hand, one can draw some globalizing conclusions, suggestive of deepening and discussion future. Firstly, in the phase of monopoly accumulation with high capital density, the regional and national labor market is not capable of absorbing on a large scale the labor force released by agriculture. Moreover, the size of the labor market is increasingly being reduced in relation to the growing demand for jobs as a result of demographic expansion and the proletarianization of peasants. The absolute fall in the supply of jobs by working capital can not be explained exclusively by the crisis situation, but especially by a deep tendency that accompanies the cyclical movement of capital: that of the increase of the organic structure (c / v) pari to the technological progress that capitalist competition drives. In the Brazilian industrial construction phase, the fall in productive investments and the underutilization of installed productive capacities, brutally deepen the imbalances and ruptures of the labor market, especially in less developed areas such as Paraíba. Second, from the study of the Ingá case it is inferred that there is an interactive relationship between the concentrating land structure and its production system, on the one hand, and the process of expulsion of rural labor. As the area of ​​crops is reduced (by the expansion of livestock farming and by the increasing vulnerability of small farms, which can not withstand the damage caused by the drought and plague of the cotton boll weevil), the expulsion of rural workers is intensified and, thereby dramatically increasing the unemployment and misery of the local periphery. Third, the facts considered make it difficult to speak of a reserve of rural labor, in the sense of capital reserve army. As empirical experience has shown over the last decades, the reservoirs of "superfluous" rural population are not really mobilized by capital or even in its phases of high economic conjuncture. It would therefore be a process of decomposition / destruction of large numbers of people within the broader background of unemployment (see graphs 1 and 2). The determination of the cost of the labor force (in the form of salary) is not - under such conditions - real nails of goods indispensable for survival, but at levels below the minimum requirements of biological reproduction, which leads to rapid destruction of human resources, comparable to ecological disasters caused by savage colonial industrialization. Fourth, although indirectly, the relationship between the capitalization of the latifundia, through the expansion of cattle ranching (that is, the increase of pasture and livestock capital) and changes in the social structure, is characterized in the first place. by the stagnation of the rural population and by the false urbanization of the municipality. It is not the increase in the productivity of rural labor and the fertility of the land, nor the overload of men / land, the real cause of the increasing difficulties of access to land and other means of production for the lower strata (in terms of land ). It is the possibility of obtaining subsidized financing, the privilege of large landowners, which drives the concentration of capital-land and livestock capital and, at the same time, alters the traditional production system (livestock / cotton / subsistence food crops). Fifth, the data analyzed lead to the conclusion that the socio-economic conditions of rural migration are directly related to the production systems and the corresponding forms of work. Sixth, the only alternative that seems compatible with the context of less savage capitalism would be a directed and participatory reproduction of the labor force, implying a redirection of population movements. This would require a combination of social forces distinct from the current one, capable of generating a political will to change, implementing less unbalancing and less unfair development policies to improve the social and geographical distribution of the benefits of economic growth. It is not incompatible the priority for the creation of jobs and the production of staple foods with the concern of the income of the exports. The problem and order and degree of social priorities. To finalize this work, it is necessary to mention the fundamental limitations of a practical order. In addition to the methodological constraints highlighted in the Introduction and Chapter I in dealing with - in part the conceptualization of the rural labor "reserve" of the periphery - there are other operational ones that should be emphasized.They say about statistical poverty. The degree of veracity and detail of demographic, employment and wage statistics is far from desirable, if accurate and complete information were available the results would have been more accurate and incisive. Nevertheless, as can be seen throughout the studies, the information gathered is relevant. Our hope is that we can contribute, even in the purely intellectual world, to a better understanding of the socio-economic causes of internal migration and, therefore, to the formulation of more effective solutions to reduce the serious social imbalances in the region.