A importância do diagnóstico laboratorial e da profilaxia na aloimunização em gestantes Rh negativo: uma revisão da literatura.

Abstract

Alloimmunisation is na immune reaction that occurs when people with Rh negative blood type are exposed to non-self antigens, such exposure when occurs in pregnant patients can result in Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN) if the fetus or newborn are Rh positive from the father's Rh causing maternal-fetal incompatibility of antigen D. The tests performance for determining the ABO and Rh blood group as well as the research of irregular antibodies by Indirect Coombs`s test (IC) in all pregnant women at the first prenatal consultation are extremely important. Maternal sensitization by these antigens are not only the main cause, but above all preventable cause of fetal and neonatal anemia. The eradication of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn became possible since the advent of anti-D immunoglobulin. However, HDFN-RhD still is a problem due to inefficient monitoring of pregnant women. The impact of immunoprophylaxis has been well established with the existence of a Technical Manual for High-Risk Pregnancy of Ministry of Health in Brazil, which is an excellent initiative to guarantee the right and acess of these women to immunization by anti-D. Do not just take to resolve cases of alloimmunization, the ideal would be to avoid them, thinking that way in the welfare of the mother and the newborn.