Zoneamento de risco climático para a cultura do milho: uma nova abordagem metodológica aplicada ao clima da Paraíba.

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to develop a new methodological approach to be used in association with the results of the already consolidated technique of Agricultural Zoning of Climate Risks (ZARC) adopted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply MAPA, aiming to adapt the results of the traditional zoning to regional rainy season through the analysis of the local water balance, trying to minimize even more the climatic risk for the corn crop in the state of Paraíba. The ZARC was initially developed for the maize crop, based on the application of the SARRAZON (System of Regional Analysis of Agroclimatic Risks, Zoning Module) water balance model and, combined with geoprocessing tools, was used to identify the areas and periods with the lowest risk of yield loss and water restrictions. The Water Need Satisfaction Index (ISNA) was adapted as a cutoff criterion and was defined as there lation between actual evapotranspiration and maximum evapotranspiration (ETR/ETM) for values between 0.45 and 0.55, which defined the fitness agricultural. Rainfall data from 1961 to 2012 and estimated temperature data for 99 points in the State of Paraíba, soil and maize parameters (available water capacity, duration of cycles and phonological phases, coefficients of culture, etc.) and associated with ISNA results and risk classes, were used to generate the final zoning results. There sults obtained were used to delineate the regions with the greatest agroclimatic potential and to determine the so wing times that offer lower climatic risks, thus, it was possible to identify the best planting dates, minimizing the regional climatic risks. On the other hand, a new methodological approach was developed, called Adjusted Climatic Zoning (ZOCLIMA), which based on the Thornthwaite & Mather sequential water balance was determined the periods of surplus, deficiency and replacement, and the graphical results of the balance sheet, the area of the water replenishment was delimited with the Intersection of zero of the water surplus period, creating a delimited period and that was considered as the most suitable temporal range to so wing. This result was used as complementary and restrictive to SARRAZON, filtering the planting times already defined with the indicated by ZOCLIMA, generating a new indicative calendar of the plantation of the drycorn. ZOCLIMA, although more restrictive, was able to filter the extra polating extremes of the results obtained by SARRAZON, which indicated dates of planting outside the rainy season in the region, both at the beginning and at the end of the rainy season, reducing the climatic risk of the loss or crop failure of rainfed maize, mainly because it presents a more secure limiting period and the guarantee of a climatologic indication of humidity in the soil and also to be able to apply the methodology individually for each locality, thus guaranteeing an indicative of the so wing period within the wettest period of each region, thus reducing water stress losses.