História ambiental da cidade dos índios (ETNIA TIKUNA) frente á urbanização da cidade do governo (município de Tabatinga), Amazonas (1964 - 2017).

Abstract

The Tikuna ethnic group is the largest indigenous Brazilian population, distributed in the neighboring countries, Peru and Colombia. On the Brazilian side, it occupies the region of Alto Solimões - Amazonas, which experienced socio-environmental vicissitudes along the Solimões river channel. The vast distribution of the Tikuna allowed new forms of sociability in the face of the emergence of new municipalities on the borders with indigenous communities. The thesis was aimed to analyze the relations established between the city of the Indians (Tikuna ethnic group) and the urbanization of the city of the Government (Tabatinga municipality), Amazonas (1964-2017), telling the story of different social actors, making it possible to understand the dynamics of transformations lived by the Umariaçu Indigenous Land, from the territorialization process to its demarcation by the state apparatus. The study outlined the vicissitudes arising from the chronological milestones: the opening of the airstrip of the Tabatinga International Airport, the creation of the Military Colony and the opening of the Avenida da Amizade. The urbanization unleashed by the government plans of the military period penetrated the forest regions occupied by the traditional peoples, thus initiating the transformations in the environments of the world's largest ecosystem, the Amazonian forest. The urbanization of the city put in question the way of life of countless Indians, who visualized the overthrow of important symbolic spaces and also of diverse ecosystems of trees, streams, gradually diminishing the flora and fauna. Natural resources were being eliminated to put into practice the formation of urban centers emerging in the forest. Finally, a voice was given to the main protagonists of the Umariaçu Indigenous Land, the Tikuna, in which knowledge and looks intertwined to understand the dynamics of the identity elements. For the Tikuna, the present and the future are the challenges to be reaffirmed and reinvented in the socio-environmental context of the current century, given the fragility imposed by the urbanization that advances on the Amazonian forest.