Reconfigurações, estimativas hídricas e vulnerabilidades no acesso à água no alto curso do rio Paraíba.

Abstract

This dissertation is structured in three articles, namely: the first article discusses the legal technical norms in the margins of discussions that surround water resources in Brazil and Paraíba. For the methodology, a survey of water laws of Brazil and Paraíba was carried out, having as a legal framework Law 9.433/1997 that establishes the national water resources policy. The Law of the creation of ESA, law of the creation of the paraíba river basin committee and the Joint Resolution of ANA- AESA/2018, and this resolution is the necessary document for action in the high course of the Paraíba River Basin. It was reported that Law-9.433/1997 brought concrete contours to the management of water resources, whose purposes are relevant, because, together with agencies such as the National Water Agency (ANA) and the Executive Water Agency of Paraíba (AESA) in the State of Paraíba have a crucial role in the decision-making joint in the hydrographic basin. The second article analyzes access to water resources in the high course of the Paraíba River Basin from the perspective of sanitation, according to estimates of the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS). The methodology used was the research in the SNIS data from 2010 to 2019, except for 2016 for correlation calculations, due to insufficient data. Photographic records were made of the dams of the municipalities of study. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to indicate the correlation between the population with clean water in each study municipality in the area. It was found that the values correlated between the total population and the population supplied with water was, respectively for Monteiro: (0.86) positive strong correlation, for Camalaú: (0.94) strong positive, for Caraúbas: (0.51) moderate positive, for São Domingos do Cariri: (0.82) moderate positive. The third and finalarticle identifies the vulnerabilities to access to water in the high course of the Paraíba River Basin, more precisely in the respective municipalities of Monteiro, Camalaú, Caraúbas and São Domingos do Cariri. A field research of exploratory, descriptive nature was carried out with observation and preliminary perception in locus. Photographic records were made in locus of the study area, and social questionnaires that served as an instrument for data research and perception of the problem, in the municipalities and their respective communities: Monteiro- Riacho Verde (3), Espírito Santo (3), Bredo (3) Pocinhos (1). In the municipality of Camalaú: João Mendes (1) Floresta (4) Cangalha (2) Palmatória (1) Beira Rio (1) Eldorado dos Carajás (1). In the municipality of São Domingos do Cariri: Boqueirão de São Domingos do Cariri (6), Pau Ferro (4). In the municipality of Caraúbas: Retiro (2) and Campos (8). Some vulnerabilities were found, such as difficulties in accessing water and the absence of the basin committee, as essential to give voices to the riparians. There is the urgency of access to water. The riverside society uses water directly from the reservoirs, in a way that is still somewhat risky to its well-being, and, in this sense, can cause problems of different natures, from health problems, as observed by the Ministry of Health water management problems to access, as observed in the study conducted in the field.