Avaliação epidemiológica da leishmaniose visceral canina na Paraíba.

Abstract

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance for Public Health and endemic in several regions of Brazil; the presence of disease in dogs usually precedes human cases. Chapter I of this present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in municipalities of Umbuzeiro microregion, Agreste Paraibano, and to identify the risk factors associated with its occurrence. A total of 540 blood samples were collected from dogs from urban and rural areas of the municipalities. The prevalence of VL was determined using ELISA/S7®, DPP® and EIE-LVC® serological techniques. Risk factors were determined through univariate and multivariate statistical analyzes. The prevalence found in the microregion was 12.8%. The prevalence per municipality was 10% in Aroeiras, 11% in Umbuzeiro, 18.8% in Gado Bravo and 13.8% in Natuba. The risk factors for the microregion were: living in rural areas (Odds Ratio = 2,280) and equines contact (Odds Ratio = 4,326), while commercial ration associated with homemade food was presented as a protection factor (Odds Ratio = 0.404). It was observed that dogs that have contact with other dogs (Odds Ratio = 7,888), dogs over 6 years old (Odds Ratio = 2,122) and females (Odds Ratio = 3,171) are more likely to contract the disease in the municipalities of Umbuzeiro, Natuba and Gado Bravo, respectively, and to feed with commercial ration associated to the homemade food was a factor of protection in Aroeiras (Odds Ratio = 0,309). By cytology, amastigote forms were observed only in the spleen smear in 20% of the evaluated animals. The presence of CVL widely distributed in the studied municipalities and risk factors for the infection demonstrate the need for more adequate control measures for the region. The purpose of Chapter II was to estimate the prevalence of CVL in the municipality of São José de Espinharas, semiarid of Paraiba State, to identify the risk factors and observe the spatial distribution pattern. A total of 223 blood samples were collected from dogs from urban and rural areas of the city. The prevalence of CVL was determined using ELISA/S7® and DPP® serological techniques. Risk factors were determined using univariate and multivariate statistical analyzes. The spatial analysis was performed in the QGIS, SatScan and Google Earth programs using the coordinates obtained by GPS (Global Position System) receiver. The prevalence found in the municipality was 8.5%. In rural areas, contact with small ruminants was identified as a risk factor for infection (Odds Ratio = 4,621). CVL cases have focused on areas with deforestation of local vegetation in rural and urban areas. In the urban area, a cluster with higher risk was identified in a peripheral area. The data obtained demonstrate the distribution of CVL throughout the municipality, but presenting areas with higher concentrations, and it is suggested to carry out control measures that prioritize them according to the risk factors found.