Analgesia preemptiva em cães e gatos: revisão de literatura.

Abstract

Preemptive analgesia has the principle of analgesics before the surgical process , ie , before the onset of pain , reducing or preventing it . This method of analgesia may attenuate or reduce the awareness of the central nervous system in damaging processes . When a tissue trauma , and various inflammatory substances are released algogenic , promoting vasodilatation with leakage of plasma proteins , electrolytes, and recruitment of inflammatory cells , and products of arachidonic acid metabolism , this induces the formation of prostaglandins , which are responsible for hyperalgesia . Pain creates many harmful consequences for the organism , such as stress , increased protein catabolism , altered neuroendocrine axis with increased levels of aldosterone , Cortisol, and catecholamines . The preemptive analgesia using several drugs, such as opioids , NSAIDs (anti -inflammatory naoesteroidais ) , local analgesics , ketamine and alpha2 agonists. Opioids can relieve the full spectrum of pain , epidural administration in dogs produces long-lasting analgesic in cats has excitatory effects are avoided using the dosages indicated or associate them with tranquilizers . NSAIDs are more effective in the treatment of postoperative pain peratoria compared to opioids . Among the NSAIDs carprofen and meloxicam are considered safer for perioperative management , providing a considerable decrease in postoperative hyperalgesia , no adverse effects being reported by these NSAIDs . Local anesthesia in a preemptive is an excellent method for postoperative recovery , the local anesthetics used in veterinary medicine are lidocaine and bupivacaine . The drugs group alpha2 agonists associated with epidural opioid increases the period of analgesia. The aim of this review is to clarify through the analysis of several studies the effectiveness and benefits of preemptive analgesia for pain control , encouraging this type analgesic in veterinary medicine . The technique of preemptive analgesia has many benefits for the patient because it prevents central sensitization observed in patients undergoing surgical procedures , reduced doses of anesthetics during surgery , reduce the quantity and dose of analgesics postoperatively , prolongs the interval between the administration of these drugs and accelerates recovery of the patient. Based on various studies may be concluded that preemptive analgesia in dogs and cats no longer a myth, going on to become reality, however , is to be effective it is necessary to know the drug used , associating it with the level of analgesia that it provides subjected to the surgical procedure .