Modelagem de evapotranspiração por sensoriamento remoto em florestas tropicais sazonalmente secas: desafios na representação do fluxo de calor sensível.

Abstract

Improvement of evapotranspiration (ET) estimates using multispectral and thermal remote sensing (RS) products has been a breakthrough in hydrological research. In large-scale applications, methods that use the approach of RS-based surface energy balance (SEB) models often rely on oversimplifications. The use of these models for Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) has been challenging due to incompatibilities between the assumptions underlying those models and the specificities of this environment, such as the highly contrasting phenological phases or ET being mainly controlled by soil–water availability. We developed a RS-based SEB model from a one-source bulk transfer equation, called Seasonal Tropical Ecosystem Energy Partitioning (STEEP). Our model uses the Plant Area Index to represent the woody structure of the plants in calculating the moment roughness length. In the aerodynamic resistance for heat transfer, the parameter kB-1 was included, correcting it with RS soil moisture. Besides, the latent heat flux (λET) caused by remaining water availability in endmembers pixels was quantified using the Priestley-Taylor equation. We implemented the algorithm on Google Earth Engine, using freely available data. To evaluate our model, we used eddy covariance data from four sites in the Caatinga, the largest SDTF in South America, in the Brazilian semiarid region. Our results show that STEEP increased the accuracy of ET estimates without requiring any additional climatological information. This improvement is more pronounced during the dry season, which, in general, ET for these SDTF is overestimated by traditional SEB models, as happened with the Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land (SEBAL). The STEEP model had similar or superior behaviour and performance statistics relative to global ET products (MOD16 and PMLv2). Finally, ET Caatinga - Time Series Inspector application was developed to quickly and accurately obtain the time series of ET in the Caatinga. This work contributes to an improved understanding of the drivers and modulators of the energy and water balances at local and regional scales in SDTF.