Sustentabilidade ambiental da pegada hídrica no beneficiamento do jeans em indústrias têxteis.

Abstract

The gray water footprint is essential to determine the sustainability of the different segments, whether they are agricultural or even industrial. The textile industries have several stages that use natural resources, in this sense, the gray water footprint is a tool to analyze the environmental sustainability of the activity. The systematic assessment of the gray water footprint in the Brazilian textile industry, combined with water resource management policies and technologies, are important tools that must be adopted in the control of pollution of water reservoirs used for human and animal consumption Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the sustainability of the gray water footprint of the process of processing jeans in textile industries in the state of Pernambuco. The work was carried out with the textile industries / laundries located in the cities of Toritama, Santa Cruz do Capibaribe and Caruaru, in the State of Pernambuco, by collecting data obtained through the application of questionnaires and material provided by the companies visited. The information collected made it possible to analyze the consumption of raw water, chemicals, reuse, beneficiation steps and to determine the gray water footprints of the steps, the chemical products and the beneficiation process at the Confection Centers of Toritama, Santa Cruz do Capibaribe and Caruaru, from the activity of industrial laundries. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the consumption of raw water, chemical product, the reuse and the production of jeans increases, as companies grow in relation to size. The phases with the largest gray water footprint of processed jeans were discoloration / Used and dyeing, with a value of 1,118,941, 47 m3 year-1 and 763,140.00 m3 year-1. The chemicals with the highest gray water footprint are potassium permanganate (KMnO4) with 7.49 m3 kg-1 of processed jeans and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) with 4.56 m3 kg-1 of processed jeans. The annual gray water footprint of the textile industries / laundries studied was 2,500,104.87 (m3 year-1). The textile industries / laundries studied produce 6,010,560.00 pieces year-1 and a proportional gray water footprint based on the number of pieces produced of 22,479,494.4 m3 year-1 . The average gray water footprint is 5.25m3 kg-1 of jeans processed in the countryside of Pernambuco. It would take 6.25 Capibaribe rivers or 126.63 Ipojuca rivers with the highest peak flow during the year to dilute a gray water footprint of the water process of 8,375,413.13 m3 year-1. The industrial process of textile industries / laundries based on the level of water pollution had a gray water footprint classified as sustainable for the Capibaribe River and unsustainable for the Ipojuca River at the time of greatest flow. Depending on the flow of the basin, the level of water pollution may be sustainable or unsustainable. Small industries/laundries consume less raw water and produce less parts per month. Large companies use more water and reuse more. Textile industries/laundries are major polluting agents, since they use high volumes of water and chemicals, requiring stricter standards regarding the emission and dumping of their waste. In order for the textile industries / laundries in the harsh region of Pernambuco to have a sustainable gray water footprint, it is necessary to replace the chemicals used that obtained the highest PHC, as well as to reuse a greater volume of water in their processes and seek sustainable raw material. like organic cotton. Likewise, rivers that are polluted must undergo processes aiming at the pollution of their waters. Agreste de Pernambuco needs to adopt in its industries / laundries the use of less polluting products, seeking to include ecological cotton, the use of ozone / plasma and oxygen in the beneficiation process.