Regimes híbridos institucionais na América Latina: violência, ordem e segurança, justiça criminal e presença do crime organizado como fatores de manutenção autoritária na região.

Abstract

Democracy has faced major challenges on a global scale. The third wave of democratization failed to consolidate democracy in Latin America, a fact that contributed to the incidence of low-quality democracies in the region. In this sense, there is a prevalence of regimes considered semi-democracies and low-level democracies, forming a hybridity, regarding the political regimes present in Latin American countries. In this context, the aim is not only to address the variations of the regimes themselves, but also to analyze the possible factors that favor this scenario. Latin America has high homicide rates, being considered one of the most violent regions in the world, where criminal organizations find fertile ground for their expansion. From this perspective, the research aims to analyze the association between homicide rates, order and security, criminal justice, and the presence of criminal organizations as determinants of hybrid institutional regimes in Latin America. To this end, 20 Latin American countries were selected, in the time frame of 2018-2020, as a way to present a brief overview regarding the research objective. This dissertation is based on secondary data from repositories, as well as reports from international organizations, adopting a primarily descriptive methodology with a quantitative approach, in addition to carrying out the correlation test based on indexes from UNODC- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, EIU- Economist Intelligence Unit- Democracy Index, WJP- World Justice Project Rule Of Law Index and InSight Crime- Investigation and analysis of organized crime. Regarding the results, most Latin American countries are in a hybrid zone (imperfect democracies, hybrid regimes and authoritarian regimes), which denotes democratic stagnation in the region. Therefore, based on the analyses carried out, it is inferred that high rates of violence, and consequently, flawed criminal justice, order and security, favor the presence of intrinsically autocratic regimes, denoting the institutional fragility of the region.