Percepção da segurança hídrica em municípios paraibanos: uma abordagem multimétodos.

Abstract

Historically, small municipalities located in semi-arid regions have faced challenges related to extreme events and frequently experience water scarcity, even during rainy periods. This study assessed water security in small municipalities in Paraíba, situated in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil, focusing on the impacts of the São Francisco River Transposition Project (PISF), including the expansion of water availability and challenges in distribution and water quality. The methodology adopted a multi-method approach based on the Driving Force-Pressure-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, combined with citizen science data collected in five small municipalities, along with a cumulative analysis of water security for human consumption and economic activities. Water shortage risk maps were developed to guide citizen science data collection, resulting in the application of 346 questionnaires to residential users in 2024 through a participatory approach. Additionally, 34 questionnaires were administered to agricultural users. The perception of PISF impacts among residential users and farmers was analyzed using statistical methods, including Spearman’s correlation coefficient and the Mann Whitney test. The results revealed a significant disconnect between the availability of water infrastructure and the effective water supply, leading the population to adopt adaptation strategies such as water trucks, cisterns, rainwater harvesting, and the development of informal water markets. Citizen science data validated the water shortage risk maps, with 92.43% of residents in high-risk areas reporting frequent water shortages. Significant differences were identified between regions with higher and lower water shortage risks. The analyses indicated that improvements in supply frequency and quality reduce the need for water purchases and enhance the perception of water security. In the agricultural sector, farmers showed confidence in current water security, diversifying their crops and expanding cultivation. However, they expressed concerns about future water availability, highlighting the need for more sustainable practices. The study demonstrated persistent water insecurity in small municipalities, even during PISF operations, reinforcing the importance of integrated policies that ensure continuous and sustainable water access for local populations.