Gestão socioambiental e hídrica em comunidades rurais no agreste paraibano, do semiárido brasileiro: os casos dos sítios KM 21 e Pedra Redonda.

Abstract

This work consisted in assess and review the management of natural resources with a focus on water resources (demand, uses, quantity and quality) and earth (occupation, planting, animals) in rural societies of Paraíba Semiarid with focus on communities KM 21, in Campina Grande (Agreste Paraibano) and Pedra Redonda (Curimataú Paraibano) in Pocinhos, search for an a greater understanding of living and living together of the families in the Semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. The old problems are the adverse effects of drought and dimensionless rainfall in semiarid northeastern Paraíba and its effects on the daily life of the rural households in the management of water use and soil practices. The object of study is the management of socioeconomic and environmental resources of rural households in these communities. The general objective is to understand how family rural systems are affected and respond the provisions means that these populations have as grants, the example, the stone tanks as systems for capturing and rainwater storage; as the water captured is utilized in the management process to improve the lives of families; and how they occur the uses of water resources for families, animals and plantations; all these preponderant factors living together of man in Semiarid rural areas. To this end, questionnaires were applied in 5 families in the KM 21 community, which corresponds to 50% of households in this locality, and 14 in Pedra Redonda community, which refers to 21% of the families in this community. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with older residents. To locate and map the watercourses and areas of land use and occupation was used a GPS device (Global Position System) - Garmin Etrex brand. The results show that most of the families of the two communities live rainwater that is captured in stone tanks and stored in homes (with tankertrucks, bucket and water tanks) for various purposes. The rainy season occurs from March to July in both municipalities; and in this period, in Campina Grande it rains 554 mm (69% of total accumulated annual – T.A.A.), already in Pocinhos it rains 285 mm (74% of T.A.A.); the results of chemical and bacteriological analyzes showed that the waters of the reservoirs - stone tanks - found themselves contaminated in their origin, being improper for human consumption; may be used after simplified treatment of disinfection; however, they may be utilized in horticulture for management, for being considered freshwater Class 1 (C1) and possess permitted levels of total dissolved solids (TDS). It was observed also that the most widespread crops are maize, beans, mandioc and horticultural (usually divided between phytotherapic herbs, condiments and vegetables), generating livelihoods and income for families. The conclusions show that the management process occurs in deficit mode, due to the low level of education (knowledge) of the communities and the lack of specialized technical assistance. As recommendations is suggested the aid of the Social Program P1 + 2, in which households are selected from the living together criteria, permanency, types of soil, cover and land use communities, among other attributes of social, economic and environmental, and certainly collaborate to the process management and social security.