Instrumentos de abordagem a criança e adolescente vítima de violência: revisão de escopo.

Abstract

Violence against children and adolescents is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, linked to cultural, social, and economic factors. The multiple dimensions of violence, which include physical, psychological/emotional, and sexual abuse, abandonment, and neglect, generate long-lasting consequences that can compromise the victims' well-being and perpetuate the cycle of social vulnerability. The use of technological tools in the healthcare field to approach these victims is crucial to standardize and qualify the care provided to children and adolescents who are victims of violence. Thus, the present study aims to map the scientific evidence on care instruments used by health professionals in approaching children and adolescents who are victims of violence. This is a scoping review, which followed the methodological proposal designated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and was organized according to the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis - Extension for Scoping Reviews" (PRISMA-ScR) protocol. The research protocol was published in the Open Science Framework (OSF) (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UCM5Y). The review was guided by the question: "What is the scientific evidence on care instruments for approaching children and adolescents who are victims of violence?". The PCC strategy: "P" – children and adolescents; "C" – care instruments; "C" – victims of violence, directed the definition of terms for the study search; Health Sciences Descriptors defined in MeSH and DeCS were used. The inclusion criteria considered: full text, in different formats, available in any language; theses and dissertations in open-access databases; studies with children and adolescents in the age group of 0 to 19 years; and publications that answer the research question. Exclusion criteria included articles that are duplicate scientific publications and texts focusing exclusively on legal and social actions aimed at child and adolescent victims of violence. Twenty-eight (28) articles were identified that describe instruments for approaching violence against children and adolescents in health services, used by professionals, most of them in the English language. The searches follow these databases: Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Nursing Database (BDENF), Spanish Bibliographic Index on Health Sciences (IBECS) via the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), PubMed, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed, Embase (comprehensive medical research database), and Scopus via the CAPES Journals Portal. Additionally, a search of gray literature will be conducted through the CAPES Thesis Catalog, Global ETD Search, and Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD). The identified instruments can be categorized into four main axes: Clinical screening tools, designed for rapid screening in emergency services and primary care (SPUTOVAMO, PedHITSS, SCAN); Trauma Assessment Scales, focused on measuring post-violence emotional and behavioral symptoms (TSCC, TSCYC); Forensic Interview Protocols, which aim to structure the listening process to ensure legal validity and victim protection (Brazilian Forensic Interview Protocol, RATAC); and Playful and Technological Strategies, a recent trend that incorporates applications and games (JUCA, Infância Segura) to facilitate communication and health education. The application of these instruments involves not only health professionals and forensic specialists but also the active participation of caregivers and the children themselves in more modern approaches. The analysis of the literary body compiled in this review allows for the conclusion that there is significant heterogeneity in the instruments available for approaching violence against children and adolescents. The global landscape reveals everything from quick checklists for screening in emergency services to complex forensic interview protocols and psychometric scales for trauma assessment.