Impacto dos carboidratos simples e processados na saúde intestinal: uma revisão.

Abstract

The consumption of simple and processed carbohydrates significantly influences postprandial glycemia and energy metabolism, as well as intestinal and systemic alterations that compromise intestinal barrier permeability and inflammatory regulation. This study aimed to review recent literature on the impact of carbohydrate intake on the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota and its implications for inflammatory and metabolic responses associated with intestinal dysbiosis. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciELO for studies published between 2019 and 2024, in Portuguese and English, using the descriptors <intestinal microbiota,= <intestinal dysbiosis,= and <glycemic index.= Ten studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Evidence indicates that diets rich in simple and processed carbohydrates promote the proliferation of pro-inflammatory bacteria (Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bilophila wadsworthia) while reducing beneficial species (Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia muciniphila), leading to dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and heightened inflammatory responses. These changes are associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory molecules, endotoxin translocation, activation of inflammatory receptors, suppression of intestinal immune cells, and reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, as well as histological alterations such as villus flattening, decreased goblet cells, and reduced mucin secretion. Nutritional interventions, including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, demonstrate potential to restore microbial balance, enhance barrier function, attenuate inflammation, and promote metabolic health. Overall, findings provide insights into the relationship between refined carbohydrate intake and gut health, supporting dietary strategies for the prevention of metabolic and inflammatory disorders.